| 622 |
Flight or migration (hegira) of Mohammed from Mecca to Medina. Beginning of the Muslim calendar. |
| 711 |
Tarik, general of the caliph’s governor in North Africa, Musa ben Nusayr, leaves Tangiers leading an army of thousands of men and lands in Gibraltar (Yabal Tarik –the Mount of Tarik). |
| 718 |
Possible date of the battle of Covadonga marking the beginning of the Asturian resistance. |
| 720 |
The walls and the Roman bridge of Cordoba are rebuilt. |
| 756 |
Abd-al-Rahman I, last surviving Umayyad from the pursuit of his family in Damascus, lands in the Iberian Peninsula and occupies Cordoba. He establishes a dynasty that would govern al-Andalus until 1031 (end of the Umayyad Caliphate). |
| 784 |
Works begin in the mosque in Cordoba. |
| 822 |
The successor of al-Hakam I, Abd-al-Rahman II provides a period of prosperity for al-Andalus. The mosque in Cordoba is enlarged and other mosques are built in Jaen and Seville. |
| 844 |
Norman incursion in Lisbon, Seville, Cadiz and Sidonia. |
| 851 |
Mozarab uprising in Cordoba. |
| 879 |
The muladi Umar ben Hafsun rebels against the Umayyad emirate. |
| 929 |
Abd-al-Rahman III is proclaimed “Prince of the Faithful” and cuts ties with Baghdad. Beginning of Caliphate of Cordoba. |
| 936 |
Building of the town of Madinat al-Zahra is started. |
| 955 |
Foundation of Almería. |
| 961 |
Caliphate of al-Hakam II |
| 976 |
Caliphate of Hisham II |
| 997 |
Campaign against Santiago de Compostela by Al-Mansur. |
| 1009 |
Beginning of the decline of the Caliphate. Fitna or civil war |
| 1031 |
Taifa kingdoms start to appear all over al-Andalus. |
| 1042 |
Building starts on the Alcazar (fortress) of Seville. |
| 1057-1063 |
Building of the Alcazaba (citadel) of Malaga. |
| 1085 |
Alphonso VI seizes Toledo. The King of Seville al-Mu’tamid calls on the Almoravids for help and together, they defeat the Christians a year later at Sagrajas. |
| 1145 |
Most of the cities of al-Andalus expel the Almoravids, establishing local governments. Start of the so-called “second taifas”. |
| 1147 |
The Almohads land in the Peninsula. |
| 1184 |
Building of the Giralda of Seville starts. |
| 1195 |
The Almohad forces under Yaqub defeat Alphonso VIII of Castile’s Christian forces at Alarcos. |
| 1198 |
Averroes of Córdoba dies. |
| 1212 |
The allied armies of Castile, Aragon and Navarre defeat the Almohads at the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. |
| 1231 |
Ibn al-Ahmar, founder of the Nasrid dynasty, is appointed governor of Arjona, his birthplace, and shortly after, he extended his power over Jaen and Guadix. |
| 1236 |
Córdoba falls to Ferdinand III of Castile. A few years later, he will take Jaen and Arjona (1246), Seville (1248) and other towns of al-Andalus. |
| 1237 |
Under the direction of al-Ahmar, works begin on the Alhambra. |
| 1482 |
The war of Granada begins. Boabdil dethrones his father |
| 1487 |
Malaga surrenders to the Christian forces. |
| 1489 |
Baeza and Almería surrender to Ferdinand and Isabella. |
| 1491 |
Boabdil, the last Nasrid king, compelled to sign away his kingdom, negotiates the surrender of Granada on 25th November. |
| 1492 |
On 2nd January, the Catholic Kings enter Granada. |
